Brunei's Fiscal Dilemma: Exploring Solutions for the Budget Deficit

Bandar Seri Begawan - As Brunei grapples with a persistent budget deficit, the government is considering various strategies to mitigate the financial shortfall caused by the sultanate's heavy reliance on oil and gas revenues and the absence of personal income taxes. Finding solutions to these fiscal challenges requires a thorough examination.

 

Current Fiscal Landscape

 

Dato Dr Hj Mohd Amin Liew Abdullah, Brunei's Second Minister of Finance and Economy, emphasised at the recent Legislative Council (LegCo) that prudent spending alone cannot rectify the budget shortfalls that have plagued the nation for over a decade. 

 

Brunei's fiscal policy differs from other countries that rely on personal income, corporate, property, sales, and tourist taxes to boost government revenues. 

 

"In Brunei, even when we have more tourists or when more people buy houses, it does not necessarily contribute to higher government earnings," he stated, highlighting the limitations of the current tax framework. 

 

Brunei's fiscal revenues remain constrained with corporate tax rates at only 18.5% and minimal other taxes. 

 

Over the past ten financial years, Brunei has recorded seven budget shortfalls, with a widening deficit of $2.99 billion expected in the fiscal year 2024/25. 

 

This situation primarily stems from lower energy prices and disruptions in domestic oil and gas production. Approximately 75% of government revenue is derived from oil and gas, accounting for roughly half of Brunei's GDP.

 

Exploring New Revenue Streams

 

To address these challenges, the government has adopted a fiscal consolidation program that aims to encourage private-public partnerships (PPP), corporatization, and commercialization. However, additional measures are necessary. One innovative solution under consideration is the establishment of a stock market exchange.

 

Introducing New Taxes

 

Another option being considered is the introduction of taxes on products with negative health or environmental impacts, such as tobacco and sugary drinks. 

 

These taxes could generate significant revenue and promote healthier lifestyles. 

 

However, implementing new taxes may face public resistance and require substantial administrative efforts to ensure compliance. Moreover, there could be short-term negative impacts on consumption patterns and business operations.

 

Raising Existing Taxes

 

Increasing the corporate income tax rate or implementing a moderate personal income tax could provide a substantial boost to government revenues without drastically altering the economic landscape. 

 

However, higher taxes could potentially discourage investment and economic activity, leading to slower growth. Businesses might pass on the increased costs to consumers, resulting in higher prices and reduced purchasing power.

 

Enhancing Private-Public Partnerships (PPP)

 

Enhancing private-public partnerships (PPP) can have several benefits, including attracting private investment, reducing public expenditure, and bringing expertise and efficiency to project implementation. 

 

However, developing and managing PPPs can be resource-intensive due to the need for robust legal and regulatory frameworks. Additionally, there is a risk of unequal partnerships where private entities may prioritize profit over public interest.

 

Economic Diversification

 

Investing in sectors other than oil and gas, such as tourism, agriculture, and technology, can create new revenue streams and stabilize the economy. 

 

Economic diversification also promotes innovation and resilience against global market fluctuations. 

 

However, diversification efforts require significant upfront investments in infrastructure, education, and technology. It may take several years for new industries to mature and contribute meaningfully to the economy.

 

Establishing a Stock Market

 

Establishing a stock market can provide businesses with an alternative way to raise capital, encourage investment, and foster economic growth. 

 

It can also attract foreign investment, increase financial literacy, and create job opportunities in the financial sector. 

 

However, establishing a stock market requires substantial regulatory, technological, and financial infrastructure. 

 

There are risks associated with market volatility, investor protection, and ensuring transparent and fair trading practices. Initial costs and efforts to develop the stock market may be significant before it starts contributing to government revenues.

 

Developing Islamic Finance

 

Developing Islamic finance is another strategy that can improve Brunei's fiscal position. By leveraging the principles of Islamic finance, Brunei can attract both local and international investors seeking Sharia-compliant financial products. 

 

This can diversify the financial sector and provide new revenue streams while aligning with Brunei's Islamic values.

 

Consolidating Social Welfare Funding

 

Consolidating social welfare funding and encouraging private sector participation can help alleviate fiscal pressures. By sharing the burden of funding welfare programs, the government can reduce its financial burden while ensuring essential services are maintained. This approach promotes a collective responsibility towards societal welfare.

 

Return on Benefits Approach

 

To guide fiscal policy decisions, the government could adopt a Return on Benefits (ROB) approach instead of solely focusing on Return on Investment (ROI), which is typically the private sector's approach. 

 

ROB emphasizes the social and economic benefits of government spending, such as improved health, education, and social cohesion, which contribute to long-term national development.

 

Utilizing Fiscal Reserves

 

Utilizing fiscal reserves to bridge budget deficits can provide immediate relief and ensure the continuity of essential public services and development projects. 

 

However, depleting fiscal reserves can reduce the government's ability to respond to future economic crises and may erode investor confidence in the country's fiscal stability.

 

Enabling Actions and Mechanisms

 

To implement these strategies, the government must take enabling actions and establish mechanisms. 

 

For instance, the creation of a stock market can facilitate privatization, corporatization, and commercialization efforts. 

 

It allows businesses to raise capital, promotes investment opportunities, and supports economic growth. 

 

Additionally, it opens up opportunities for public participation in the nation's economic development, boosts the economy, and creates new job prospects. 

 

Privatization involves transferring ownership of state enterprises to private entities, improving efficiency and fostering innovation.

 

A strong legal framework is essential to ensure transparency and safeguard public interests. 

 

Corporatization transforms state-owned enterprises into functioning private companies, enhancing management and operational efficiency.

 

Commercialization incentivizes these entities to operate in a profit-driven manner, making them more competitive and sustainable.

 

Recommendations for Sustainable Fiscal Management

 

To ensure sustainable fiscal management, a phased approach to tax reform is recommended. 

 

Starting with taxes on unhealthy and environmentally harmful products, followed by the gradual introduction of broader taxes like personal income tax, will balance revenue generation with public acceptance.

 

Developing clear and transparent regulations for Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) can maximize their benefits in sectors such as infrastructure, healthcare, and education. 

 

Prioritizing investments in high-potential sectors through targeted incentives can speed up economic diversification and reduce reliance on oil and gas. 

 

Establishing a stock market as part of a broader financial sector development strategy will enhance Brunei's financial landscape and create new revenue streams. 

 

Creating a fiscal stabilization fund will help manage future economic downturns while effectively using reserves to support critical projects. Implementing a robust monitoring and evaluation system for fiscal policies will ensure their effectiveness and allow for timely adjustments.

 

Conclusion

 

In conclusion, by implementing these recommendations and taking appropriate actions, Brunei can achieve sustainable fiscal management, promote economic growth, and ensure long-term stability. 

 

Brunei faces a fiscal dilemma that requires a comprehensive approach. This approach should consider both immediate fiscal needs and long-term economic sustainability. 

 

To address this, Brunei can employ a range of strategies such as tax reforms, public-private partnerships (PPPs), economic diversification, the creation of a stock market, the development of Islamic finance, the consolidation of social welfare funding, and the responsible utilization of fiscal reserves. 

 

By doing so, Brunei can effectively address its fiscal challenges and ensure a prosperous future for its citizens. (MHO/07/2024)

His Majesty's Vision for Brunei: A Call for Progress, Innovation, and Participative Governance

By Malai Hassan Othman

 

July 16, 2024

 

Bandar Seri Begawan – His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah's recent titah, delivered in conjunction with his 78th birthday celebration, has sparked a wave of optimism and reflection among Bruneians. Highlighting the country's economic achievements and prospects, His Majesty's address underscores a vision for a brighter, more dynamic Brunei. The speech acknowledges the significant progress already made and calls for continued efforts to further harness Brunei's potential.

 

In his titah, His Majesty expressed gratitude for the positive growth in the non-oil and gas sector, which saw a 4.5 per cent increase last year. The overall domestic exports in this sector also surged by 59.8 per cent. These figures are encouraging, suggesting a diversifying economy that is gradually moving away from its heavy reliance on oil and gas.

 

“The prospects of the country’s economic growth are even more promising,” His Majesty noted, referencing projections from the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, the Asian Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, all forecasting GDP growth for Brunei in the range of 2.7 to 3.7 per cent for 2024.

 

The public's response to the titah has been optimistic, with the hope that these positive indicators signal a better future. There is also a growing recognition of the need to build on the current momentum through policy reforms that focus on progressive and constructive contributions to accelerate change and innovation.

 

The Importance of Policy Reform and Participative Governance

 

His Majesty's address highlights the need for robust two-way communication between the government and its citizens. Effective governance in the modern era requires constructive and progressive interactions, feedback, and response. Engaging citizens in policy-making can foster a more inclusive and dynamic governance system, ensuring that the voices of Bruneians are not only heard but actively involved in decision-making processes.

 

Critics argue that the current administrative climate sometimes discourages bold decision-making. Leaders may find themselves adopting a cautious approach to secure their positions, which can lead to stagnation in governance. The Majlis Mesyuarat Negara, established in 2005, has often been seen as a 'rubber stamp,' approving decisions without significant scrutiny. Addressing these concerns through participative public governance can enhance the effectiveness of the Majlis Mesyuarat Negara and ensure more meaningful engagement.

 

Learning from China: Policy Reform and Development Focus

 

China's development model offers valuable lessons for Brunei. China has shown that significant development can be achieved through focused policy reform and a commitment to economic growth and innovation. By empowering people's education and well-being, China has driven rapid development without necessarily undergoing political reform. Brunei can similarly focus on creating a conducive environment for economic growth and innovation through targeted policy reforms.

 

Implementing such focused reforms can ensure that Brunei's most competent and motivated individuals are in positions where they can contribute effectively. This approach would encourage innovation, improve governance, and help realize the full potential of the nation's workforce.

 

Administrative Reforms and Alignment

 

Administrative reforms are essential to align Brunei's governance with modern needs. Embracing a "Business Friendly," "Service Oriented," and "People Focus" model can ensure that the administration is proactive, efficient, and responsive to the needs of its citizens and businesses. Enhancing the administrative attitude, model, and style will be crucial in fostering a progressive and dynamic governance environment.

 

Unlocking the Potential of Youth

 

Investing in the education and skills development of Brunei's youth is a key precondition for realizing their potential. The youth are seen as the future drivers of change. Efforts to strengthen human capital through innovative education and training will enable the younger generation to rise to the challenge of shaping the nation's future.

 

His Majesty's vision includes significant investments in local entrepreneurs, the establishment of a digital payment hub, and commitments to climate change through the Paris Agreement. These initiatives demonstrate a willingness to adapt and innovate, ensuring that Brunei’s youth are equipped with the necessary tools and opportunities to lead the country forward.

 

Public Sentiment and Calls for Continued Progress

 

The public sentiment reflects a desire for continued progress and innovation. Many Bruneians feel that fostering a meritocratic system and engaging citizens in governance can enhance leadership and effectiveness. Addressing perceptions of cronyism and nepotism through participative governance will help build trust and ensure that the most capable individuals are in positions of responsibility.

 

Furthermore, enhancing technological advancements, applications, and adaptation will drive innovation and economic growth. Encouraging ownership and investments in the local economy, while creating an environment conducive to foreign investments, is crucial for Brunei's continued development.

 

Looking Ahead: Hope and Optimism

 

Despite the challenges, there is a sense of cautious optimism. His Majesty's vision for Brunei includes significant investments in local entrepreneurs, the establishment of a digital payment hub, and commitments to climate change through the Paris Agreement. These initiatives indicate a readiness to embrace change and innovation.

 

His Majesty's titah highlights the importance of solidarity and cooperation among citizens and residents. By working together, Bruneians can overcome the challenges they face and move towards realizing the objectives of Brunei Vision 2035.

 

In conclusion, while His Majesty's titah has instilled a sense of hope, it also underscores the importance of continued policy reforms, participative public governance, and progressive contributions. By building on the current initiatives and adopting a development-focused approach similar to China's, Brunei can unlock its full potential and secure a prosperous future for all its citizens.

Brunei Faces Fiscal Challenges Despite Economic Growth

Brunei continues to grapple with a significant budget deficit despite positive economic indicators. 

The Second Minister of Finance and Economy, Dato Dr Hj Mohd Amin Liew Abdullah, recently acknowledged that the country's financial situation remains challenging because it does not collect personal income taxes. Unlike other nations that rely on various taxes such as personal income tax, corporate tax, and sales tax to fund government operations, Brunei's unique tax policy has led to ongoing budget shortfalls.

 

Over the past decade, Brunei has experienced seven budget deficits, with the current fiscal year 2024/25 expecting a widening deficit of $2.99 billion. This deficit is primarily due to falling energy prices and disruptions in domestic oil and gas production, which together account for about 75% of government revenue and make up roughly half of Brunei's GDP.

 

Despite these fiscal challenges, Brunei's economy shows signs of growth. The Brunei Darussalam Central Bank (BDCB) recently released its first semi-annual policy statement for 2024, presenting a positive economic outlook. 

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects a stable global growth rate of 3.2% for both 2024 and 2025. In the first quarter of 2024, Brunei's economy grew by 6.8%, driven by an 8.9% increase in the Oil and Gas sector and a 5.0% rise in the Non-Oil and Gas sector.

 

BDCB expects continued economic growth throughout 2024 but warns of potential risks such as fluctuating commodity prices and reduced production of crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG). 

The central bank projects low inflation, between -0.5% and 0.5%, based on current Consumer Price Index (CPI) data. The financial sector has also seen growth, with total assets rising by 2.9% to BND24.6 billion in the first quarter of 2024, with significant contributions from the Islamic finance sector.

 

However, many Bruneians remain sceptical about these optimistic projections. Despite official reports, they feel that the reality on the ground is different, with issues like unemployment, rising living costs, and a sluggish economy dominating everyday life. 

Critics point out the increasing costs associated with oil and gas extraction and note that the relocation of major industry players like Total and Shell to Sarawak casts doubt on the health of Brunei's oil and gas sector. 

Local business owners and residents express frustration over the government's perceived inaction and missed opportunities for economic diversification. They argue that the heavy reliance on oil and gas is unsustainable and calls for investment in new industries such as biotechnology. 

Public forums and social media are filled with septical voices demanding more transparency and genuine reform. Frequent travellers and students voice concerns that Brunei's vision for 2035 may remain unfulfilled without substantial action and economic diversification.

 

Brunei's economic growth is a positive sign, but the country's ongoing fiscal challenges and public scepticism highlight the need for significant reforms and diversification strategies. 

To address these issues, the government must explore alternative revenue sources and implement policies that tackle the economic concerns of its citizens. Greater transparency, accountability, and meaningful reform are crucial to restoring public confidence and achieving sustainable economic development. (MHO/07?2024)

Embracing Participatory Public Governance in Brunei: A Step Towards Wawasan 2035

In a recent address at the Radisson Hotel, Dato Seri Setia Dr. Awang Haji Mohd Amin Liew Abdullah, Minister at the Prime Minister’s Office and Minister of Finance and Economy II, highlighted the significance of Brunei’s Economic Blueprint in achieving Wawasan 2035. 

 

He underscored Goal 3, which emphasises five key sectors—downstream oil and gas, food, tourism, services, and ICT—and identified six aspirations including good governance. 

 

This call to action provides a timely opportunity to explore the role of Participatory Public Governance (PPG) within the context of Brunei’s Malay Islamic Monarchy (MIB) principles.

 

Understanding Participatory Public Governance

 

Participatory Public Governance (PPG) is a governance model that emphasises the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes. It goes beyond traditional top-down approaches by fostering collaboration between the government and its citizens, ensuring transparency, accountability, and inclusivity. PPG empowers citizens to actively participate in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies and programs that affect their lives.

 

The Necessity of PPG in Brunei

 

1.     Enhancing Good Governance: 

 

PPG is critical for enhancing transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in government. It allows for diverse voices to be heard, ensuring that policies are reflective of the people’s needs and aspirations.

2.     Fostering Economic Growth: 

 

By involving citizens in decision-making processes, PPG can lead to more informed and effective policies that drive economic growth. This aligns with Brunei’s focus on productive businesses, skilled individuals, and a globally connected economy.

 

3.     Building Trust and Social Cohesion: 

 

Active citizen participation builds trust between the government and its people, fostering social cohesion and unity. This is essential for achieving sustainable development goals and the aspirations of Wawasan 2035.

 

Implementing PPG within Brunei's MIB Framework 

Brunei’s unique governance system, deeply rooted in Malay Islamic Monarchy principles, can potentially integrate PPG while preserving its cultural and religious values. The following steps might help achieve this integration:

 

1.     Establish Citizen Councils: 

 

Forming citizen councils at various administrative levels could gather input and feedback on government policies and programs. These councils can represent different segments of society, ensuring diverse perspectives are considered.

 

2.     Promote Open Dialogues: 

 

Encouraging open dialogues between government officials and citizens through forums, town hall meetings, and digital platforms might serve as spaces for discussing issues, proposing solutions, and sharing information.

 

3.     Enhance Civic Education: 

 

Implementing civic education programs could raise awareness about the importance of citizen participation and equip citizens with the knowledge and skills needed to engage effectively in governance processes.

 

4.     Leverage Technology:  

Utilizing digital tools and platforms might facilitate citizen engagement, streamline feedback processes, and enhance transparency. E-governance initiatives can make it easier for citizens to access information and participate in decision-making.

 

Reflecting on the Legacy of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien 

Al Marhum Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien, the 28th Sultan of Brunei, reigning from 1950 until his abdication in 1967, was a visionary leader known for his contributions to participatory governance. He created the MIB philosophy, which remains the guiding ideology of Brunei. His reign was marked by a commitment to the welfare of the people and the promotion of inclusive governance.

 

Examining the Syair Perlembagaan Negeri Brunei 

The "Syair Perlembagaan Negeri Brunei", or the Brunei State Constitution Syair, is one of the greatest literary works in the history of the 1959 Constitution. Written by Al Marhum Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien (SOAS), this poetic work reflects his vision for a just and participatory governance system. It emphasises justice, inclusivity, and the importance of adhering to the principles of MIB.

 

Inclusivity and Consultation

 

“Semua rakyat menyambut cadangan,  

Bersuka hati mendengarkan rancangan,  

Rakyat menghadapkan segala keterangan,  

Menyokong cadangan menguatkan rancangan.”

 

These verses emphasize the importance of inclusivity and consultation in governance. By involving the citizens in the planning and decision-making process, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien ensured that the governance was reflective of the people's needs and aspirations. This approach not only garnered public support but also strengthened the implementation of policies.

 

Transparency and Communication

 

“Perundingan negara seumpamanya,  

Di situ tergantung nasib rakyatnya,  

Sama ia baik mahupun buruknya,  

Akan di rasa oleh penduduknya.”

 

These lines highlight the significance of transparency and communication in governance. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien understood that the outcomes of government negotiations and decisions directly impacted the citizens. Therefore, it was crucial to keep the public informed about the benefits and costs associated with government policies.

 

Accountability and Perseverance

 

“Perundingan negara bukannya mudah,  

Hendaklah hati kuat dan tabah,  

Supaya maksud tiada berubah,  

Negeri dan rakyat dapat faedah.”

 

Accountability and perseverance are vital elements of good governance. These verses reflect the challenges faced in government negotiations and the need for strong and steadfast leadership. By remaining committed to the goals, the leadership can ensure that the nation and its people reap the benefits.

 

Collective Learning and Evaluation

 

“Sebelum diambil langkah muktamat,  

Dilantik komiti memberi maklumat,  

Pergi ke daerah ketemu rakyat,  

Mencari fikiran suara muktamat.”

 

This stanza underscores the importance of collective learning and evaluation. Before making final decisions, it is essential to gather information from various stakeholders and the public. This process of consultation and feedback ensures that decisions are well-informed and considerate of the people's opinions.

 

Risk Management and Experience

 

“Ilmu itu pelita hati,  

Dapat mengira untung dan rugi,  

Senang menduga saudara sebati,  

Panduan memilih elok dan keji.”

Knowledge and experience are critical for effective risk management in governance. These lines convey that wisdom guides the heart, enabling leaders to weigh the pros and cons of their decisions. By understanding the implications of their actions, leaders can choose the best course for the nation.

 

Planning and Adaptability

“Menjadi peta buat merancang,  

Mana berguna untukkan datang,  

Boleh dipinda mana yang kurang,  

Itulah sebabnya syair dikarang.”

Planning and adaptability are essential for sustainable governance. This verse illustrates the need for strategic planning and the flexibility to adapt plans as necessary. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien’s poetry serves as a guide for future generations, highlighting the importance of learning from past experiences and adjusting strategies accordingly. 

Islamic Perspective on Participatory Public Governance: The Syura System

The Syura system, deeply rooted in Islamic tradition, is a consultative body that plays a crucial role in governance. It emphasises mutual consultation (Syura) as a fundamental principle for decision-making, reflecting the inclusive and participatory nature of Islamic governance. The Syura system is already embedded in Brunei’s governance framework and might be strengthened to empower people’s participation. 

What is the Islamic Syura System?

The Syura system is an Islamic consultative process where leaders seek advice and opinions from knowledgeable and concerned individuals within the community. This system is based on the Quranic injunction:

"And those who have responded to their lord and established prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves, and from what We have provided them, they spend." (Quran 42:38)

The Syura emphasizes:

1.   Inclusivity: Ensuring that all segments of society are represented and their voices heard.

2. Transparency: Maintaining open and honest communication about decisions and policies.

3.   Accountability: Holding leaders responsible for their actions and decisions.

4.  Justice:  Ensuring that decisions are fair and equitable.

 

Strengthening the Syura System in Brunei

1. Formalizing Syura Councils: Establishing formal Syura councils at various administrative levels might institutionalize the consultative process.

2. Broadening Representation: Ensuring diverse representation within the Syura councils, including scholars, community leaders, and representatives from various societal groups, could be beneficial.

3.  Promoting Awareness: Raising awareness about the importance of the Syura system and encouraging active participation from the community might strengthen its role.

4.     Integrating Modern Tools: Utilising modern technology could facilitate the Syura process, making it more accessible and efficient.

His Majesty the Sultan's Commitment to Participatory Governance

Participatory Public Governance is indeed in line with the aspiration of His Majesty the Sultan. On 15 July 2004, at the relaunching of the Legislative Council (LegCo), His Majesty Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzadin Waddaulah reiterated his call for the establishment of a committee tasked with reviewing the Constitution and laws of the country, so that they will truly align with the current challenges. 

He said the committee has identified the necessary changes to further strengthen the institution of monarchy and improve the effectiveness of the government's relationship with the people. 

These changes, he said, will enable us to best protect and preserve the interests of the people and the country. He underscored the importance of involving the people in the development of Brunei Darussalam. 

He said the re-establishment of LegCo was the beginning of creating a more formal consultation structure. It will add a forum for the channelling of opinions and views. His Majesty declared, in the Constitution:

"WHEREAS WE intend to govern in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and the laws of Brunei Darussalam and, by progressive steps hereafter, to introduce further representative institutions into the government of Brunei Darussalam."

 

Integrating these Elements into Modern Governance

To integrate these principles of good governance into Brunei’s current system, the following suggestions might be considered:

1.     Institutionalize Inclusivity: Creating formal mechanisms for citizen involvement in policy-making could include public consultations, advisory councils, and community meetings. 

2. Enhance Transparency: Making government processes and decisions more transparent by regularly publishing reports, holding press conferences, and using digital platforms to disseminate information might be beneficial.

3. Strengthen Accountability: Implementing systems to hold government officials accountable for their actions could involve independent oversight bodies, performance reviews, and public reporting.

4. Foster Continuous Learning: Establishing feedback loops where policies are continuously evaluated and improved based on input from citizens and stakeholders could ensure that governance remains responsive and effective.

5. Prioritise Risk Management: Developing comprehensive risk management frameworks that incorporate knowledge and experience from various sources might help mitigate potential risks and enhance decision-making.

6.  Encourage Adaptability: Promoting a culture of adaptability within government institutions might encourage innovation and flexibility in policy implementation to address emerging challenges effectively.

Conclusion

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien’s "Syair Perlembagaan Negeri Brunei" offers profound insights into the principles of good governance. By embracing inclusivity, transparency, accountability, collective learning, risk management, and adaptability, Brunei can potentially build a governance system that is robust, resilient, and reflective of its Malay Islamic Monarchy principles. As Brunei moves towards Wawasan 2035, integrating these elements into its governance framework might be crucial for achieving sustainable development and prosperity.

 

References : 

Participatory Public Governance - Pia Andrews

IPA, Pembangunan Strategik MIB 2015  – Dato Malai Ali Othman

Language and politics: connotative meaning analysis of “syair Pelembagaan negeri brunei” from the perspective of leadership characteristic of Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien - Fatimah Hj Awang Chuchu; Ismayah Binti Hj Mohd Noor Hj Sulaiman; Siti Khadijah Binti Hj Abd Salim University of Brunei Darussalam

 

Public Outcry Over Dismal State of Public Toilets in Brunei

By Malai Hassan Othman

 

Date: July 10, 2024

 

This time around, we want to talk about the toilet. The worsening situation of unhygienic and dirty public toilets in Brunei is making rounds, leaving people irked and frustrated.

 

 Public dissatisfaction over the appalling condition of public toilets in Brunei is mounting, with many citizens questioning the commitment of relevant authorities to address this pressing issue. From shopping malls to schools, the state of public restrooms has become a hot topic, sparking debates on social media and in local publications.

 

Despite the high percentage of people using basic sanitation services in Brunei—reported at 99.48% in 2022 by the World Bank—the reality on the ground paints a starkly different picture. The nation, which prides itself on its cleanliness and high living standards, appears to be grappling with a pervasive problem of poorly maintained public toilets.

 

Public Outrage and Health Concerns

 Concerned parents and citizens have taken to the opinion pages of the Borneo Bulletin and various social media platforms to voice their frustrations. "Worried Mum," a frequent contributor, highlighted the dire conditions in school restrooms. She recounted how her son developed a urinary tract infection due to his reluctance to use the filthy and foul-smelling school toilets. Her plea for immediate action from authorities resonates with many parents who fear for their children's health and well-being.

 

Another concerned parent, "Irked Dad," shared a similar experience, lamenting the persistent lack of basic hygiene amenities such as hand soap in a prominent shopping mall. "I visit this mall at least once a month, but the issue of unavailable hand soap persists. It irks me every time I use the toilets there," he wrote, emphasizing the need for better hygiene protocols.

 

Investigative Findings

 An investigative audit conducted by the Ministry of Finance and Economy's Tourism Services Standards revealed alarming statistics. Out of 50 public toilets inspected from January to June 2023, only one received a Grade A rating for meeting all criteria of cleanliness, design, amenities, and safety. The majority were found to be lacking, with 24 toilets graded B (meeting important needs), 18 graded C (requiring urgent repairs), and seven deemed unsafe for use.

 

Public Sentiment and Cultural Factors

 Public sentiment suggests that the root of the problem lies not only in the quality of cleaning services but also in the users' attitudes and behaviors. Cultural practices, such as the extensive use of water for cleansing, often lead to excessively wet and unhygienic conditions in toilets. Critics argue that while water cleanses, it also fosters an environment conducive to bacterial and fungal growth if not managed properly.

 

The debate extends to the comparison of local hygiene standards with those in neighboring countries. "All public toilets in Brunei, including shopping malls and schools, are disgusting. Compared to Miri and Limbang, Brunei is far worse," commented a frustrated citizen, calling for stricter standards and enforcement.

 

Toilet Tissue Usage in Brunei

 The growing demand for hygiene products in Brunei underscores the importance of maintaining clean public toilets. In 2024, the revenue in the Toilet Paper market in Brunei Darussalam reached US$7.90 million, with an annual growth rate projected at 3.09% from 2024 to 2029. Each person in Brunei generated revenues of US$17.34 from toilet paper consumption in 2024, and on average, each person is expected to consume 8.6 kg units of toilet paper this year. This surge in demand reflects the country's high standard of living and focus on cleanliness, further emphasizing the need for improved maintenance of public restrooms.

 

Calls for Action and Solutions

 In light of the growing outcry, several proposals have been put forth to improve the state of public restrooms in Brunei. These include implementing a small entry fee to fund maintenance, conducting regular spot checks by authorities, and integrating practical hygiene lessons into school curricula.

 

Some advocate for a return to traditional practices of involving students in maintaining their school environments. "Maybe we should start implementing a policy to have students clean the school toilets. This not only teaches responsibility but also promotes cleanliness," suggested a commenter on a popular social media thread.

 

Government Initiatives Stalled

 The government had previously acknowledged the issue and taken steps to address it. The Ministry of Primary Resources and Tourism, in collaboration with the SEAMEO Regional Centre for Vocational and Technical Education and Training (SEAMEO VOCTECH), conducted training programs on maintaining clean and hygienic public toilets from 2021 to 2023. The program aimed to raise awareness and provide best practices for effective toilet management among relevant stakeholders. However, there have been no recent initiatives or follow-up actions, raising questions about the government's commitment to this cause.

 

In April 2024, the Jawatankuasa Kebersihan Tandas Kerajaan dan Swasta (JKTKS) launched a public survey to gather feedback on the state of public toilets. Despite the survey’s closure in April, there has been no official feedback or action taken based on the results, leaving the public in the dark about any potential improvements.

 

Conclusion

 As Brunei aspires to achieve its Wawasan 2035 vision, addressing basic hygiene and cleanliness issues in public toilets remains a fundamental challenge. The collective effort of authorities, cleaning services, and the public is crucial in ensuring that Brunei's public restrooms reflect the nation's high standards and commitment to cleanliness. The ongoing dialogue and proposed solutions offer hope for a cleaner and healthier future for all, but the lack of recent initiatives and feedback from government surveys cast doubt on the effectiveness of these efforts. (MHO/07/2024)